Fermentation Process Overview
Fermentation is widely used within the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and food & beverage industries. It requires the cultivation in submerged culture of an identified microorganism (mainly bacterial) as a monoculture under defined environmental conditions. The incubation regime imposed, is designed to maximize the productivity of the organism of interest by providing optimal conditions for population growth (biomass). The product of interest might be a bioactive metabolite, an enzyme, a vitamin, or recombinant protein. During an incubation cycle, a nutrient energy source (e.g. glucose) is added and the biomass and end product will increase as this is depleted.
Fermenter Design and Control
Incubation control necessitates the precise control of a number of parameters.
Of primary importance are:
- Temperature, pH, DO2 or Redox, agitation, pressure, foam control, auxiliary feed or a combination of these controllers.
The control of these and any other parameters is most usually carried out in fermenter vessels specifically designed for the purpose and accommodating various working volumes depending on the yield and production requirements. Laboratory scale vessels could hace a capacity of just 10 litres or less whereas production vessels may be as large as several thousand liters.
The smallest units may incorporate an electrical heater and feed stocks (e.g. Nutrient and pH control agents) may be fed form flasks via peristaltic pumps. Larger vessels have an integral jacket for controlling temperature via hot or cold water and allowing indirect sterilization using injected steam. Where larger quantities of feedstock are required they may be held in separate pressurized tanks and fed in via valves arranged to work as a "thrust pump".
The actual fermentation process is known as the incubation. Phase and is just part of the batch cycle. A complete fermentation cycle can typically include the following steps (depending on vessel design):
- Sterilization of empty vessel and pipework using direct steam injection
- Charging with base medium
- Indirect sterilization vio steam injected into the vessel jacket
- Cooling of vessel and draining of jacket
- Pre-inoculation -vessel environment under control
- Inoculation - the fermentation process itself
- Harvesting - product removed ready fo extraction processes
Solution
- Small/medium Distributed Control System
- Precision control strategies
- Batch/recipe management
- Digital data management
- Power control for electric heaters
- HMIs from local panels to full SCADA solutions
- High availability architecture (Redundant solutions and ‘Store and Forward’ feature)
- Data analysis
- AVEVA™ Historian
- Reporting
FDA 21 CFR Part 11 and EU EudraLex Annex 11 Regulations Compliancy
Fermentation plants are used in industries likely to require compliance with regulations and guidelines from the FDA, EMA or other applicable regulatory organizations (CDSCO, NMPA, etc.). With a long history in precision process control and high integrity data management, Eurotherm has a broad range of knowledge and expertise in life sciences, helping customers to comply with their Data Integrity related standards.
Data Integrity ALCOA (+) Guidelines
Key regulatory bodies (FDA, EMA, WHO) and some advisory bodies (PIC/S, ISPE) have agreed on the Data Integrity related ALCOA (+) concept. ALCOA defines that data should be Attributable, Legible, Contemporaneous, Original and Accurate. In addition to ALCOA, guidance has gone further with ALCOA (+) to help ensure data is Complete, Consistent, Enduring, and Available. As an experienced automation supplier, well established in life science processes, Eurotherm was an early adopter of that vision and contributed to the definition and the revision of some of these guidelines.
ISPE GAMP® 5 Guide: A Risk-Based Approach to Compliant GxP Computerized Systems
To help secure your investment and ease future audits of your plant, Eurotherm has developed a proprietary set of Qualification/Validation documents according to the V-model from the ISPE GAMP® 5 guidelines. These proven documents, used in hundreds of audits, help to reduce risks associated with Qualification/Validation operations: helping to minimize your qualification effort and reduce your capex and opex throughout the lifetime of your installation.
Pharma 4.0 Ready Technology
Eurotherm data recording solutions are EcoStruxure-ready, providing a Data Integrity layer within the Schneider Electric EcoStruxureTM platform. EcoStruxure is Schneider’s open IoT-enabled system architecture aiding the digital transformation to Pharma 4.0 technology.